| (1) |
What is the difference between natural gas and
coalbed methane ("CBM")? |
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Methane is the principal component of natural gas
and is created by the decomposition of organic matter. Methane is found
all over the world in various types of geologic formations. Coalbed methane
is the name given to methane found in coal seams. It is formed during
coalification, the process that transforms plant material into coal. |
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| (2) |
Is there any difference to the consumer in respect
of the source of methane? |
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No, gas must meet a minimum pipeline specification
to be move through U.S. and Canadian common carrier pipelines. It must
be no less then 99% methane and the remainder is water vapour. This "sales"
gas is normally processed through gas plants in the gas fields or coalbed
fields. Both sources of methane, once processed, can be commingled in
the pipeline. |
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| (3) |
What is the difference between coalbed methane
"CBM") and coal mine methane ("CMM")? |
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CBM is methane in coal seams and is often referred
to as virgin coalbed methane, or coal seam gas. CMM is the subset of CBM
that is released from the coal seams during coal mining. In 2001, the
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency ("EIA") reported
U.S. CBM production at nearly 1.6 trillion cubic feet ("TCF"). CMM accounted
for 40 billion cubic feet ("BCF"), or 2.6 percent of the total. Tyner
Resources Ltd. has both prospective CBM and CMM on its North Bohemia concessions
in the Czech Republic. |
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| (4) |
Is CBM a recent phenomenon? |
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Although the practise of making coal gas from burning
coal was established in the 19th century, the concept of drilling wells
into coal beds to extract just the methane really began at the beginning
of the 1990s. Total CBM production in the USA was 99BCF in 1989; it had
increased to 1,614 BCF by 2002. Whereas the US Industry has lead the development
of this resource, other countries including Australia, Canada, Germany,
and the United Kingdom have seen rapid increase in CBM and CMM production.
In Canada the first commercial CBM well was placed in production in June
2003. For the year 2003, production was approximately 18BCF. For 2004,
production is expected to be between 50 and 60 BCF. |
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| (5) |
What are the major differences between CBM wells
and conventional gas wells? |
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Conventional gas wells are (a) deeper, (b) cost
more to drill and complete (c) usually have very high initial production
rates, (d) normally have shorter production life. |
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Gas wells today, tend to be drilled to total depths
of below 7,000 and in the case of the Gulf of Mexico as deep as 17,000
(all the shallow formations have been drilled up). CBM wells average 800
to 1,200 feet in the San Juan, Raton and Powder River producing basins
with a few wells penetrating 2,000 feet. |
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Deep gas wells can cost upwards to US$50 million
for offshore deepwater locations. Even a 6,000 to 7,000 foot well in East
Texas or Northern Louisiana can cost $1 million drilled, completed and
ties-in. Shallow CBM wells, in the Powder River Basin, average $125,000
to $150,000 inclusive of equipment and tie-in. |
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Whereas conventional wells can have impressive initial
production rates, sometimes exceeding 20 million cubic feet (20,000 MCF)
per day, for deep offshore wells, the average reserve life is low. In
the year 2002, the EIA estimated that the reserve life of new gas wells
was 4.2 years, which reflects the maturity of the industry. CBM wells
have low production rated. Although some CBM wells have produced in excess
of 2,000 MCF per day, typical initial production rates are 100 to 150
MCF per day. However, due to low depletion, CBM wells have a lifespan
of 25 to 40 years. |
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| (6) |
How profitable is CBM? |
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Quicksilver Resources Inc. of Fort Worth, Texas,
listed on the New York Stock Exchange, (symbol: KWK) is widely regarded
as one of the leaders in CBM development. They have a wholly owned Canadian
subsidiary by the name of MGV Energy Inc. located in Calgary, Alberta.
MGV is very active in the Horseshoe Canyon play of Central Alberta. In
2004, per a presentation made on June 17th, they plan to drill 224 net
wells into this play. Their finding and development costs, based on experience,
are projected to be range from $0.50 to $0.74 US per MCF. Rate of Return,
on an individual well basis is estimated to be 74.2 % and a 1.58-year
payout for the Gayford formation. |
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| (7) |
If CBM prospects are so profitable in Canada
and the USA, why is Tyner looking at the Czech Republic/ |
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There are four major reasons why Tyner is active
in the North Bohemia Basin of the Czech Republic. These reasons are: (1)
Favourable Geology, (2) Competition, (3) Existence of Markets, and (4)
Infrastructure. |
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Favourable Geology: The North Bohemia Brown
Coal basin, approximately 40 to 50 miles north of Prague, near the German
border, is approximately 540 square miles and the major coal seams attain
thickness of up to 130 feet. The coal is Tertiary and is of similar age
as the Powder River Basin. Sidewall cores taken from existing coalmines
indicate high methane content, and a well-developed cleat system. Whereas
the average coal seam thickness in the Powder River Basin is 18 to 20
feet, Tyner is scheduled to drill in locations with over 90 feet of coal
seam thickness.
Competition: Success attracts competition. For
example, the recent success in the Horseshoe Canyon play has resulted
in government CBM leases being acquired for as high as US$384.00 per acres
(June 2004 Alberta Land Sales). Tyner has acquired the right to 70% ownership
upwards of 17,000 gross acres. Applying these recent prices to Tyner's
potential 11, 900 net acres, the CBM rights that Tyner is committed to
paying up to $850,000 would cost as much as $4.5 million if they were
located in Canada or the USA.
Markets: The Czech Republic uses on average 330
to 340 billion cubic feet of natural gas per annum. Domestic conventional
gas production accounts for about 1%. Imports are from Russia (78%) and
Norway (22%). New domestic sources would displace imports and improve
the balance of payments. The Czech Republic's entry into the European
Union provides for the free market movement of gas within the European
market.
Infrastruture: In addition to having proven CBM
reserves, commercial success demands that markets be available and accessible.
For example, the Powder River Basin of Northeast Wyoming and Southeast
Montana currently has the largest established reserve base in the Lower
48 states. However, it is pipeline-restricted meaning that although the
production capacity is higher; gas delivery is restricted to approximately
900 million cubic feet per day. Tyner's North Bohemia project is located
within 3 miles of the local natural gas distribution company. More importantly,
it is approximately 10 miles from the Transgas trunk line, which carries
Russian gas into Germany. |
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| (8) |
What is the history of CBM in the Czech Republic?
|
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In the early to mid-1990s, there was some drilling
activity in North Moravia near the Silesia Mountains abutting the Polish
border. This is an area of black lignite coal deposits. At that time US
production was established only in the San Juan and Black Warrior, which
were also black, lignite deposits. Problems were encountered in drilling
through heavily faulted formations, which made it difficult to control.
Additionally, the coal beds were tight with low permeability as well as
being dry. There was good gas content (upwards of 350 to 400 scf per tonne)
and 156 different coal seams. Today there is some minor CBM production,
which is being sold into the local North Moravian gas distribution system.
|
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| (9) |
Why should Tyner expect better results in North
Bohemia? |
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Subsequent to the North Moravia exploration activity,
the Powder River CBM field was discovered and developed in the USA. It
is the first major "brown coal" basin in the World to be exploited for
CBM. The techniques, like open hole completions and stainless steel mesh
that have been pioneered in the Powder River basin are applicable to North
Bohemia. |
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Additionally, Tyner has primary evidence of the
existence of CBM in this basin, DR. Jaroslav Nemec of the University of
Ostrava, in a report to the Czech Parliament, in 1992, presented test
core results of CBM content in coal seams of up to 500 single cubic feet
per tonne. |
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| (10) |
Please describe the field program that will confirm
the presence of commercial CBM in the North Bohemia Basin |
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Three wells will be drilled, cored and placed on
pump commencing in September 1, 2004. Two wells Libkovice No.1 ("LE-1")
and Libkovice No.2 ("LE-2") will be drilled to depths of 270 metres (approximately
840 feet) and 275 metres (approximately 850 feet) and subsequently a third
well at Osek ("OS-1") will be drilled to approximately 240 metres (740
feet). |
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The intersected coal seam will be cored with the
core samples being subjected to independent sorption and desorption testing
to measure the methane content. Additionally a set of logs will be run
and the wells will be paced on pump to assess water content. The program,
conditional upon weather and any unexpected logistical issues, is expected
to be completed by the end of October 2004 |
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| (11) |
Who is performing the independent sorption/desorption
tests on the coal bed core? |
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The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is performing
the laboratory tests. |
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| (12) |
Should the results of the three test wells indicate
that there is commercial potential, what is Tyner’s next step? |
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Tyner, in conjunction with its two partners, Foree
International LLC, of Dallas, and Kendrick Oil & Gas Ltd, of Abilene,
will undertake to drill and place into production a six well pilot project
adjacent to one of the three test wells. This process will require the
procurement of a production license from the Czech Ministry of the Environment.
We have met with Ministry officials who have identified what is required
and accordingly it is not an insurmountable process. |
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Tyner Signs Deal to Consolidate Palo Duro Lands Posted on: Sep 9, 2008 Paul Larkin, President of Tyner Resources Ltd., is pleased to announce that Tyner has signed agreements with Pearl Exploration and Production Ltd., LNG Energy Ltd. and PetroGlobe Energy USA, Ltd. to consolidate certain of the assets held by each party within the Palo Duro Basin of Texas. more >> Letter to Shareholders Posted on: Nov 19, 2007 Tyner Resources. annual meeting took place on October 2nd, 2007. The shareholders reelected
Paul Larkin, Robby Robson, Tim Jurek, Richard Schmitt and Roger Moody as directors for the
upcoming year. more >> |
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| Symbol: |
TIP.V |
| Last Trade: |
0.06 |
| Last Trade: |
11/19/2008 2:17pm |
| Change: |
0.00 |
| Opened At: |
0.06 |
| Day Range: |
0.06 - 0.06 |
| Volume: |
2000
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